Discuss Chaucers poetic methods Essay Example for Free

Discuss Chaucers poetic methods EssayDiscuss Chaucers poetic methods in presenting villainy in the excusers prologue and tale in the light of this comment.In Chaucers time, the nature of diabolical related to any committing of the 7 deadly sins, consisting of greed, pride, blasphemy, sloth, avarice, wrath, lust and envy. The excusers prologue and tale is comprised of legion(predicate) of these sins, the pardoner himself demonstrating the majority. Other characters, such as the 3 rioters also embody many of these sins. This essay will explore these characters as well as their bad natures and formulate an opinion how Chaucer presents satanic in the pardoners prologue and tale. The pardoners evil nature is initiated from his physical rendering in the general prologue. He is described as having hair as yelow as wex and hood we wered noon a description immediately illustrating him as a rule breaker, as for most clergymen it was assumed they would cover their hair. In addition to this, he is described as having such glaryng eyen. In the medieval times, this amounted to the suggestion of evil therefore, Chaucer has constructed the pardoner in such a way to ambiguously imply he may be somewhat evil. Critics, such as Spearing, have renowned that the pardoners repellent outer appearance reflects his inner corruption.The description of his fake relics, such as the sayle that saint peter hadde and oure lady veyl ar used to demonstrate his evil intentions taking advantage of the peasants good faith by tricking them into buying fake relics, that are nothing more than pigges bones. From the onset, Chaucer has incorporated the theme of evil within the pardoner and has maintained this throughout the prologue and tale.The prologue outlines the pardoners admittance to his evil nature, and suggests he may even be proud of this. He boldly states that his sermons are constructed around the well-known Latin biblical phrase, radix malorum est cupiditas loosely translat ed as greed is the root of all evil. The missing word omnium from this is used to demonstrate his lack of biblical knowledge, which is emphasised by the repititon of this phrase throughout. In medieval times, it was common and often expected, for members of the church to know and practice in Latin. The pardoner admits to using pieces of Latin to saffron my predicacioun.This cooking imaginativeness may suggest that he only uses Latin to reinforce his false position, and therefore foregrounding his evil nature, and may relate to the sin of gluttony as he is referencing food, again reinforcing the evilness of his character. The pardoner states in the prologue, in the form of a confession, that he preche of no thyng but for coveityse. The repetition of this ironic language along with the shocking imagery that is portrayed through his rhetorical question will I live in poverte willfully? and his admittance to taking money from the povereste widye in the village paints an evil picture o f the pardoner who is merely driven by greed.Some critics, such as Georgianna believe in the historical school of thought, and wrinkle that the pardoner is merely a vehicle for the substantial embodiment of the churchs abusement. It has been suggested and argued amongst several other critics that Chaucer had no other motive when constructing the pardoners character other than to criticize and highlight the wrongdoings of the medieval church. Many fake pardoners lived amongst the medieval audience, and carried out the same evil methods as the pardoner, all for the same motive greed. As a result of this, anticlericalism grew hot amongst the peasants very quickly. Therefore, it foundation be suggested that the pardoners character was constructed in such a way to shine light on his evil nature and to draw parallels with the medieval church.The pardoners tale is a sermon against four particular sins gluttony, blasphemy, gambling and drinking. He talks at length of each of these partic ular sins, giving biblical examples that he has twisted to his benefit, such as Adam and also his wyfe who were dryven for that vice. The pardoner is suggesting that gluttony was the downfall of Adam and Eve, when in fact it was temptation. To sermonize against drinking is massively ironic as the pardoner has admitted to needing a draughte before being able to think of a moral tale to tell the pilgrims ridicule in itself seeing as he should not have to think about a tale of morality. The fact that the pardoner is guilty of committing the very sins he preaches about only adds to his evil nature. Many critics, such as Ruth Nevo, suggest that the pardoner is a character in his own tale that he tells.The novelle that the Pardoner tells the pilgrims consist of terzetto rioters. He begins by stating the setting of the three men in the develes temple metaphorical for a tavern. The three rioters are established as sinners from the very beginning, already being guilty of committing two o f the seven deadly sins drinking and blaspheming. The repeated suggestion of a brotherhood and addressing each other as brethren has underlying irony as each rioter is ultimately killed by each others greed. It has been suggested that as the rioters are not named, and therefore are nt personally addressed, that they have been constructed to suggest the embodiment of sin. Their deaths are quick and do not have much effect instead, the focus is on the sins that they do commit. This stresses that their evil natures are what caused their own deaths.However, it can be argued that although the pardoner presents evil in the pardoners prologue and tale, the fact that he acknowledges this suggests he is fully aware of his evil nature. Koff suggests that the pardoner is not so much evil as he is bold. This can be argued to an extent, as he does admit to being a ful vicious man, yet states that a morale tale yet I yew telle kan. This can be portrayed as being ironic, as he is fully aware of hi s evil nature, yet still believes that he can preach against the sins he so readily admits to committing. In addition to this, Chaucer does incorporate some good nature into the novelle in the form of the old man.It has long been questioned as to whether he is the prosopopoeia of death himself, and therefore cannot die, or whether he is merely an instrument used to emphasise the evil nature of the three rioters. His addressing of the three rioters as sires in similitude to the rude greetings of the rioters compares and relates age and innocence the old man may have been faithful during his lifetime and therefore God will not take his life. In contrast, the young sinful rioters quickly come to their death through their own lack of faith.To conclude, I believe that a sinister exploration of evil is really presented in the pardoners prologue and tale. Chaucer uses characterization of the pardoner and three rioters to present how corrupt medieval society was, as well as how readily si ns were committed. The pardoners simile of as dooth a dowve sittynge on a berne to describe how he sees himself is used as an antithesis of his own character as a dove carries religious connotations of peace and pureness the opposite to what the pardoner is. Despite infiltrating some holy and pure characters, such as the Old man, he only further emphasises the lack of good in the other characters. Overall, Chaucer constructs the prologue and tale in such a way to present several layers of evil in the Canterbury tales.

Ocean Park Cast Study Essay Example for Free

sea putting surface Cast Study EssayOfficially opened on 10th Jan 1977 by the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Murray MacLehose, the nautical Park was constructed with HK$150million funded from the racing profits earned from the Hong Kong Jockey Club while the land was bring inn free by the Hong Kong Government. It is located in Wong Chuk Hang and Nam presbyopic Shan in the Southern District of Hong Kong.The park has won several awards, including The Worlds Seventh Most Popular Amusement Park and 33rd Most Visited Tourist Attr moions in the World by Forbes (American publishing and Media Company. ) and their vision is to be the world leader in providing excellent guest experiences in an pastime park environment connecting hatful with nature.On 1st July 1987, marine Park ceased to be a subsidiary of the Hong Kong Jockey Club, becoming its own statutory body, with a Government-appointed Board. At present, naval Park is managed by a financially-independent, non-profit organization called sea Park Corporation. In Jun 2005, Ocean Park achieved its highest recorded at ecstasydance in its history.Gross revenue grew by 12% and was HK$684 million in 2005 due to their monopoly conditions. It was then Hong Kong Disneyland was opened on Sept 2005 and Ocean Park faced serious competition. The Monopoly Days Even though Ocean Park monopolizes in Hong Kong, they suffered losses from 1999-2002. It was mainly due to the famous Asian financial crisis, while the SARS in 2003 inflict more damages to Ocean Park. The revamping of the brand logo from seahorse to sea lion (Whiskers) on 2000 did leave a better vivid impression to the public, but it was not enough.The management did not see innovation as a major factor to rein still interest to the public, the thrill rides eventually be seed out-dated and shabby yet Ocean Park remain contented with their current status. The huge investment on the Abyss Turbo Drop was a good start to innovate, but it does not give the public the urge to take a 2nd ride. Activities and festival events ideas were further introduce to attract the public which manage to receive great response from the public.Eventually, employees cause a work culture and comfort zone which retards the Ocean Parks reengineering policy, though the management realizes the need of culturing innovation. The workforce resisted the change and become loth(p) and worried about facing the new challenges ahead. The Intervention of Hong Kong Disneyland On Sept 2005, 3rd Disneyland from Joint venture Walt Disney and Hong Kong SAR government was set up with their selling points on those famous Disney Cartoon Characters.Though the admission fees were much higher compare relatively to Ocean Park, their price was considered the cheapest entry for Disneyland and new thrill rides definitely act as surprises for the public who already attended Ocean Park before and acts as an option between the two strong rivals. In ground of attractions, two Ocean Park and Disneyl and have their unique selling point to have a fair market part in Hong Kong. Ocean Park is originally focusing on nature and wildlife, providing educational to the public on animals while Disneyland emphasis on creating fantasy and virtual stimulations.With sure fierce confrontation from Disneyland, Ocean Park has to seek an immediate response to prevent them for doom. They fought back by introducing new roller coaster and aquarium build hotels nearby to go head-on-head with Disneyland which everlastingly come with hotels for tourists. Major Problem Ocean Park faced Ocean Park already faced shortage of talented and educated employees, due to the fact that the mass of these employees tend to favor finance sector than tourism industry, The great demand is further enhance as Disneyland is competing with Ocean Park for these talents.In terms of line of achievement opportunities and prospect, Disneyland has the upper hand over Ocean Park. To add salt to injury, Disney is deemed to p oach Ocean Parks best workers. 3-way attack for Ocean Park (Defender Strategy) I will propose and advise on the management of Ocean Park a 3-way attack to have the lion share of the pie between the two rivals. *** determine Package/ Educational package Since Ocean Park has the advantage over Disney over the price of the tickets, I will propose the management team to setup a sales team to target the school and students.Implementation educational tour packages to Mainland/ Hong Kong students will eventually be interesting for school to organize deflexion and post-exam events. Disney is more to a virtual land they cannot put forward the educational aspects as compare to Ocean Park. *** Human Resource Management (HRM) The ability of employees is essential to all(prenominal) organization. The management needs to introduce better remuneration packages, better salary wages for staffs whom they interested in keeping and bloom them.A lucrative bonus scheme may be able to keep the curre nt employees loyal. Next, provide strict interviews for new employees and send all the employees to service training to brush up their public relation skills to provide a class of service way above Disneyland. *** Innovation The ability to innovate will determine who has the lion share in the Hong Kong Market. Word of mouth is definitely the best form of advertisement. The only reason why tourists will intro to their friends/family the amusement park is fun and thrilling.Since the volume of the tourists are from Mainland (China) , it will be wise if they can do a short survey to poll the public what types of excitement they looking for in amusement park and begin source and introduce new fantastic rides. Take reference on those abroad amusement parks and why they are always so attractive to the public. Furthermore, Ocean Park can organize monthly events with relation to public holidays or the season with attractive discounts towards the price of the tickets. Conclusion.In terms of all rounder, Ocean Park definitely has the edge. The combination of high octane, thrills and spills rides, with superb, and educational, state of the art marine shows and exhibitions is unbeatable. Ocean Park has a pair of superb rollercoasters, a log flume and rapids ride. There are similarly a number of mid range action rides, meaning there is plenty to keep the family dismissal all day. Disneyland on the other hand has only one rollercoaster and almost no mid range action rides, meaning anyone over the age of ten will be quickly bored.On the other hand, Disney does have a slightly better selection of toddler and young rides, although Ocean Park is also no slouch in this department. Furthermore, Ocean Parks selection of Marine shows are also first class, including shark aquariums, dolphin shows and the superb, sci-fi styled Jellyfish exhibit which provide a extra field of education. Disneyland has nothing to compete with these excellent family friendly shows.In conclusion, Ocean Park will eventually edge out Disneyland, proving that local anaesthetic companies can still compete head to head with big MNCs (Multi-national Company) References http//www. usatoday. com/news/world/2007-06-14-ocean-park_N. htm http//www. docstoc. com/docs/17307909/Ocean-Park-VS-Disney-As-we-know_-Ocean-Park-and-Disney-Park-are http//gohongkong. about. com/od/themeparks/a/OceanvsDisney. htm http//www. articlesbase. com/destinations-articles/hong-kongs-oceanic-aquarium-ocean-park-vs-hong-kong-disneyland-3530410. html.

Interpersonal Relationships in the Work Place Essay Example for Free

Interpersonal Relationships in the Work Place EssayIn todays world, on that point is a need for written report to be done as quickly as possible. And for this purpose, loping professionals need to have good traffic between all(prenominal) other. Healthy professional relations can be maintained by effective turn tailplace communication and teamwork. Interpersonal relationships at work gradually vex with good team participation and communication with other members. You can say that everything at the office depends on good relationships between employees and the management.Interpersonal relationships at work are absolutely essential, as they help workers to have a mutual understanding between themselves. I believe that that strong interpersonal relationships at work lead to motivation among employees. The main benefit of having interpersonal relationships at work is that they work in a team. If there are healthy interpersonal relationships in the team members, they certainly tend to work collectively towards the prescribed goal. Teamwork also contributes a lot to a healthy work environment.Employees feel good to work if there is a favorable environment at the workplace. If employees have a mutual understanding with each other, there are very less chances of both kind of workplace conflicts. Communication is one of the most crucial interpersonal skills to be practiced at the workplace. Without effective interpersonal communication, there will non be a smooth and clear flow of ideas, resulting in confusion. A true professional will always talk to other executives, with looking instantaneously into the eyes.Always smile when you speak with others, in a face to face talk or even on the phone. The smile will make others genial and it will also be apparent in the tone while on the phone. I believe that an effective supervisor needs to refrain from cover favoritism make difficult, sometimes unpopular, decisions show concern for subordinates without appea ring to pry and avoid misusing supervisorial power. Supervisors need to strike the right note in their interpersonal relations with workers. About three month ago there was an incident at my place of employment.My manager pulled me into her office and closed the door. Immediately I replied did I do something wrong? She replied no you actually did something so right. She verbalize one of our patients family members over heard a conversation that you and another employee had. I knew precisely what she was talking about. A coworker of mines came up to me while I was in a patients room and yelled out why didnt you fall guy off the water log yesterday. I politely said im sorry but it may have been a mistake. If you give me a minute to excite what I am doing here I will come over and take care of it.She said what ever, we will see. The visitor looked at me and said that was very rude but you handled that professionally. With a smile on my face I said thank you very much and left the r oom. I at present went to my coworker and politely explained how rude and disrespectful she was to the patient and her visitors. She understood what I was saying, she therefore apologized to me the patient and the visitors. My manager knows how rude my coworker can be on a occasional basis. So she then pulled her in the office and asked us both how us we work the incident out.We both gave our side of the story and we both told the truth. My manager then presented me with a Starbucks gift card for being employee of the week. When communicating with other employees, it is fine if you add a bit of humor to the scene, just to release the stress and accent involved. Make sure you do not get involved in the blame game. Always ensure that you stick to what you said. It is a good idea to component what you recently accomplished and found out. This creates a feeling of openness among the team members.

The Love In John Donne Poems English Literature Essay

The Love In John Donne Poems English Literature judgeJohn Donne (1572-1631) was born in London to a Ro cosmos Catholic family, solely changed to Anglicanism during the 1950s (Fowkes x-xi). He is an English metaphysical poet, writer, and theologian. He makes poems focused on death, jazz, and sex. In addition, he writes a wide range of secular and religious. Besides, he has many subjects focusing of love, the pain of parting, and the exhilaration of sex. These poems showing the suppressed energy in Donnes characteristics and its source the intellectual, spiritual, and emotional conflicts, which john passed through out his life. Donnes love poetry is a very complex phenomenon. Nevertheless, he has two get hold ofs the strain of dialectic and the strain of realism (Grierson 84). He writes almost love as an actual experience in all its moods, even in gay or angry. With regard to, Donne relates to sixteenth century the era in which all poets argon Petrarchan, otherwise, he challenge s his time and breaks off the Petrarchan tradition. He breaks the tradition because his poems with specific temper, run acrossry, rhythm and colors. John writes many poems about love one of his collections is Songs and Sonnets. The majority of this book talks about love, which is addressed to an imagined hearer. He establishes a metaphysical relationship between body and mortal. Donnes love poems think of with truth. He shows the truth through the passions that he represents them existed in human experience. Therefore, he makes his poem equal to real world. Still, his love poems are less real than that of the Petrarchans. In the same manner, Donnes poetry is not about the marriage and adultery, whereas, it is about the difference between love and lust. He mentions love in different types and shapes such as beauty, betrayal, and death.John Donne poems are not about the lust or desire therefore, they are not about chivalric, but intellectual love in general. The immenseness of D onnes love poetry is due to the fact his experience of the passion range from its lowest to its highest reaches (Bennett 142). Sometimes, he shows desires but not the unit poem about this desire. For example, pipe take in and Angels is a type of a love poem does not empty from a desire still it talks about love with other idea. charge and Angels has an argument between two types of love the metaphysical and the rhetorical. The metaphysical shows the motion in Air and Angels. This poem seems often to defeat its readers not because of its difficult argument, but, because readers do not recognize the idea of it. Donne, in this poem, is placing a very high value upon pressuring some detachment at the heart of an emotional involvement.(Sanders 89) It is an open image that sometimes the reader can see the detachment as a betrayal of love. In addition, Donne shows the implication that neither the mind, nor the man can rest to leave of absence this woman unattached by his desire to her. Any way, in the first stanza, the utterer addresses his high-priced he describes the beauty of his beloved that he always looks for it. In lines (11-14) he gives a beautiful metaphorical image for his mistress, he portrays her beauty as an angelAnd therefore what thou wert, and who, I bid Love ask, and right offThat it assume thy body, I allow,And fix itself in thy lip, eye, and brow.Those lines are an example of a Petrarchan era that shows the woman as an object. Similarly, he looks and searches for this type of beauty, which is angelic. Referring to line (8), Takes limbs of flesh, and else could nothing do the speaker unit argues to a flesh and blood woman that her nothingness, must be embodied by means of love. He compares this embodiment to the habitation by his soul of his body (Salomon 13). Also, he shows the irony in nothing do, the tone is flexible to take this love with that womans beauty has fobbed him off.In the second stanza, Donne satisfies that love is to a gre ater extent pleasant to any woman than worship of her beauty. Therefore, he finds the beauty does not last as love. According to lines (15-20)Whilst thus to ballast love I thought, And so more steadily to have gone, With wares which would sink admiration,I saw I had loves pinnace overfraught Thy every hair for love to work uponIs much too much some fitter must be sought Here the image of love is so beautiful, in which, he says that his problem was that his love had no body but now, his problem is that she has a beautiful body that he himself cannot imagine it. whereas, the next lines (21-25) he shows the gross(a) love that he finds in his beloved appearance.Then as an angel face and wingsOf air, not pure as it, yet pure doth wear, So thy love may be my loves sphere Just such disparityAs is twixt airs and angels purity,Twixt womens love, and mens, willing ever be.he shows a problem about physical love. The last six lines are the solution which show love must be pure betw een the two souls. In line (27) As is twixt airs and angels purity Salomon says that the speakers love being more pure than the ladys as an angel is more pure that its airy embodiment (13). In lines (23-25)Then as an angel face and wingsOf air, not pure as it, yet pure doth wear, So thy love may be my loves sphereThose lines an image of wooing to his love, he sees her as the air-body angel, which confines the spirit in earth, as this woman is a resting place for him. In final line Twixt womens love, and mens, will ever be. It is an image of love between women and men, which will stay forever because they are united. To conclude the discussion of Air and Angels, Donne discovers that her beauty is dazzling. Therefore, he must work very hard to get her angelic love. In the metaphysical view, angels appeared to men as a vapor (Martz 171). In that case, he shows the Petrarchan point of view through the superior image that he draws to his beloved. He portrays her beauty with angelic, pur e. Again in the previous(prenominal) line, which has mentioned, he asks for her love by coming down from her angelic status, and be one. According to john, love is exciting experience and love poems are the communication with others to feeling in this excitement. Despite of the fear in falling in love due to the torment that one feels, but since love is peaceful and restful, there is no fear to feel in love. Donne is a great love poet because he has the ability to write his experience of love and allow the other feel it with him.Donne in his collection Songs and Sonnets shows another type of love. In his poem Witchcraft by a Picture, reveals the obscure between the two characters in the poem. His poem reflects his era which he relates for it, although, he was not following the Petrarchan system. Therefore, he intends to show the bad side of love in the betrayal image of a man who leaves his woman alone, this construe differs from the Petrarchan because the dont show the man in a cold-heart image. The betrayal reveals in the lover who be glamoures his beloved and he fears to fall in love with her. Therefore, he has broken up with her because he accuses her that she is a witch and bewitches him. In the first stanza, lines (1-3)IFIXmine eye on thine, and therePity my picture burning in thine eyeMy picture drownd in a transparent tear,Those lines reveal how was the woman astonished this broken up. Here is a visual image, portrays in the crying of this woman that this speaker was the reason for them. The metaphorical image portrays in that the speaker sees the reflection of his picture in her eyes that full of tears burning as somebody burns a paper to be able to forget. Despite all of that, Greg Bentley when he comments on this poem and mentions that in the medieval era, they symbolized for a witch with non-human, and they was flagellation her until she dies. In addition, the witch cannot cry, unless if there is a priest or cleric. If she does then she is si nless and if she does not then she is guilty (16). In these previous lines, Donne makes the woman cries because she is innocent from the accusation that her beloved accuses her with it. As well, the word pity has an ambiguous meaning the first meaning the speaker wants his beloved sympathy, and the second he feels pity in his mistress because of what he did with her (Bentley 15-16). Besides in the third line my picture drowned in a transparent tear has an ambiguity. It can be that the woman tricks the speaker with her tears to catch his attention and destroy him. In addition, the second reading can be that her tears are genuine that she is not a witch because she hurts honestly hurt by her lover. Then Donne establishes that the lover is a betrayal.In the same manner, the second stanza has other images shows the betrayal of the fearful lover. Donne starts with I have drunk the sweet salt tears, this line is a reminding to her tears that burning and drowned. It is a gustatory image t he lover tastes his mistress tears and relishes with her misery. Then, he completes with second line and though thou pour more, Ill depart, this visual image reveals the rudeness of this lover who although to his relish, he wants to leave her alone, because he knows that her tears are powerful. Since he will not be next to her, his picture will not reflect again and affect on him. However, Donne puts another ambiguity in line (11) that I can be endamaged by that art, the ambiguity appears in word art. Firstly, he means that she has tricks art that supports speakers accusation of being her mistress witch. Secondly, he means that her tears are genuine and support the woman innocence (Bentley 17). Although, the speaker can remove himself from her tears and depart. Still he cannot remove himself from her heart, because she loves him honestly, and she cannot stifle her tears and transparent love. In the end, Donnes imagines the bad side of love that leads to harm one of the lovers heart , because of cowardice and betray like the man who rejects his mistress.Donne varies in his Songs and Sonnets, he writes about love in different ways such as beauty, betrayal, and now about death. Donne has attached the idea of death with love in his poem The Expiration. The title of the poem gives the whole explanation of the poem. He has shortened his feelings of departing in this poem. He draws beautiful images about death and apart. In the first stanza, for example, he portrays the picture when the speaker feels in heartburn due to his beloved leaves him because of her death. In the first six linesSO, so, break off this last lamenting kiss, Which sucks two souls, and vapors both away Turn, thou ghost, that way, and let me turn this, And let ourselves be night our happiest day.We ask none leave to love nor will we owe Any so cheap a death as saying, Go.The speaker says he will sacrifice with his soul to his love, although, he imagines himself as a murder because he will leave her alone. We ask none leave to love nor will we owe/ Any so cheap a death as saying, Go. This line is an evidence for the previous discussion, he portrays that the speaker does not choose to leave her but the death takes the soul very easily. In the second line, there is a metaphorical image, he describes the kiss with a lollipop, which sucks the water and vapors it. Beyond the conception of separation, Donne plays with the idea of death through rejection or love domination. He does not stop at the idea of the beloved as killing through neglect, but often to picture her as a murder. (Bernhoft 2) To emphasize this idea, in line (12) Being double dead, going, and bidding, Go. He says that killing him is impossible because he is being double dead. Donne uses the repetition in the first line So, so a significance of death and depart.To conclude, Donne is a brilliant poet, he has the ability to write his experience of love and let the other feel it with him. He varies a lot in his col lection poems especially in the poems of Songs and Sonnets. His love poetry is a record of moods. the moods of love, desire, death, betrayal, and other moods. He tries to show the metaphysical relationship between soul and body. Even though, he shows the sexual love in his Holy Sonnets because he does not consider it as a sin. In general, he talks about spiritual love he has several of moods and cerebration due to his capacity of experience. He shows the beauty, death, betray and in those previous poems that has been discussed. Donnes poetry is simple to satisfy. In his poems, the reader can find a series of passion. Those passions that Donnes talks about are comprehensive every problem in life. As a reason, his poetry has a competence, in which it can make a man feels about woman, scorn, sensual, delight, and the peace and security of mutual love (Bennett 115).(2,318)

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials Structure and PropertiesAll-carbon materials have received lots of attention in the past. Carbyne, a new allotrope of carbon, is still in controversy towards its synthesis and property. Combining with the Goroff groups research, this project is to prep be the polymer PIDA (polydiiododiacetylene) as a polyrotaxane complex, encapsulated in a tower of macrocyclic hosts. The polyrotaxane social organisation will prevent aggregation of the PIDA strands, allowing for the complete dehalogenation of the polymer to make carbyne. The proposed route is shown in Scheme 1.1. PIDA, a precursor of carbyne, can be made from diiodobutadiyne and macrocyclic hosts via topochemical polymerization and host-guest strategy, in which macrocyclic host will self-assemble into column structure and diiodobutadiyne will trope halogen bonds with host.All-carbon materials have been widely investigated because of their potential properties, much(prenominal) as electrical conduct ivity, thermal conductivity and hardness. They exist in different morphologies with various properties, such as diamond, graphite, carbon nanotube, graphere, fullerene and carbyne .Diamond, consisting of all sp3 hybridized carbons, has many unusual properties, such as extreme hardness, high optical transmittance and wide band gap and so on.1 Because of these potential properties, the synthesis of diamond is of great interest. It can be synthesized by means of chemical vapor deposition, including keen filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) high frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) and DC plasma discharge.1b Graphite is made of sp2 hybridized carbon. It has a form honeycomb structure and behaves as a good conductor.2 Fullerenes exist in different sizes, such as C60, C70 and C82. The C60 fullerene was first reported by Kroto and coworkers.3 It is an all-carbon polyhedral batting cage molecule with each subdivision sp2 hybridized and directly bonded to three neighbors. All valences of carbon atom in the molecule are satisfied by two sensation bonds and one double bond. Graphene is single atom thick layer of graphite, which can be used in composite material, electric battery and total heat storage.4 snow nanotubes usually have cylindrical nanostructure and made of different length-to-diameter ratio. Because of its special electrical, electrochemical and optical properties, carbon nanotubes were widely investigated in negatronics, biological and energy application.5 Carbyne, having all-sp-hybridized carbon, is highly reactive.Carbyne, an sp hybridized all-carbon chain, is a new allotrope of carbon and has potential special properties as all carbon material, which has attracted considerable interest since discovery back in 1960. Because of its instability, it is less well cognize than the other carbon allotropes. The probe of carbyne or carbyne-like structures is still to a lower placeway while the results are often unclear. R esearchers have tried to synthesize carbyne or carbyne-like materials in well-nigh(prenominal) ways, such as chemical dehydrohalogenation and electrochemical synthesis. Evsyukov et al.6 studied dehydrohalogenation of poly (ethylene-alt-chlorotrifluoroethylene)(PE-a-CTFE)to make carbyne. PE-a-CTFE was treated with potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran to form a halogen-substituted polyenyne structure with randomly distributed isolated deuce-ace bonds. Theoretically, the synthesis was showed below.Elimination of hydrogen halides was incomplete, which could result from the insufficient strength of the base, sterical hindrances caused by its bulkiness and alternation defects in the original copolymer. Wang and coworkers7 claimed to form carbyne-like material via electrochemical method. 1, 1, 2-trichloroethylene was dehydrochlorinated with t-buthanolate, which was formed from t-butylalcohol on a Ni cathode in dimethylsulfoxide electrolyte solution under anaerobic conditions. Howe ver, this method was not effective because of reactive carbon, oxidation with O2 and cross-linking of polyyne-like irons. In above reports, no point of formation of carbyne is observed and the properties of carbyne remain unrealized.Recently, polyynes, analogues of carbyne, have been widely investigated to predict the properties of carbyne. Polyynes are one-dimensional chains with alternating single and triple bonds. The synthesis of long polyynes chains was first reported by Walton and coworkers.8 They used Cu-catalyzed oxidative Hay coupling techniques to synthesize triethylsilyl-capped polyynes.Tykwinski and coworkers excessively synthesized several polyynes with a variety of end groups, in which extensive end groups would increase the stability and solubility of polyynes. In 2010, Tykwinski reported the synthesis of polyynes with as manys as 44 sp-carbons.9 They used bulky tris(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)methyl (Tr) as end groups and modify the chain. The synthesis method is show n in Scheme 1.4.When the polyynes become larger and larger, the effect on stability of end groups becomes insufficient. In ordain to overcome this issue, some researchers encapsulated polyynes into macrocycles to form rotaxanes or polyrotaxanes. Sugiyama and coworkers10 prepared pseudo-rotaxanes and rotaxanes with cyclodextrin simultaneously to stabilize and to solubilize the carbyne chains. Tykwinski and coworkers11 synthesized polyyne rotaxanes with 4, 6 and 10 triple bonds in length through active copper-templated coupling. Inspired by these cases, I am trying to design a polyrotaxane, allowing for complete dehalogenation of PIDA to make carbyne.Polydiacetylenes (PDAs), conjugated polymers with alternating double and triple bonds in the backbone, are prepared via topochemical polymerization of aligned diynes. Generally, topochemical polymerizations authorise in a condensed phase, in which the monomers are preorganized and the final structures of the product are determined by th e preorganization. In 1969, the synthesis of PDA was first take outd by Wegner,12 introducing the 1, 4-polymization of monomers. In addition, Baughman demonstrated how 1, 4-polymerization of diynes works and reported necessary parameters for the 1, 4-polymerization.13 The monomers are held in alignment. The distance between adjacent monomers is near 5 . The intermolecular distance of reacting carbons (C4 and C1) is cosy to 3.5 , which is close to the van der Waals radius of carbon. The tilt lean between monomer diyne and the vertical translation axis should be 45. Ideal 1, 4-polymerization of diynes is showed below.Host-guest strategy is used to describe how monomers are aligned for polymerization. Different molecules or ions are held together by some forces to form complexes. In order for topochemical polymerization, monomers should be aligned to meet the geometric requirements. However, some monomers cannot form the right geometry required to polymerize. Host-guest strategy is applied to adjust the monomers to meet the requirements reported by Baughman. Here, hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding work in 1, 4-polymerization through host-guest strategy. Recently, Fowler and Lauher developed different kinds of diyne monomers to undergo 1, 4-polymerization using the host-guest strategy. In this way, the diyne monomers played the role of guests, which then formed hydrogen bonds with host molecules. The host molecules possessing oxalamides and ureas self-assembled into a structure via hydrogen bonding. Because of hydrogen bonding fundamental interactions, the diyne monomers were aligned in proper geometry for 1, 4-polymerization. The hobby is an example of host-gust strategy for one diyne.14 In the cocrystals, the oxalamide host molecule was organized through hydrogen bond with a repeat distance of 4.97 . The nicotinyl ester groups of the diyne guest monomers form strong pyridine-carboxylic acid hydrogen bonds to the host molecules.In addition to Fowler and L auher work, the Goroff group too showed halogen bonding interaction could be applied for 1, 4-polymerization with the host-guest strategy. sp2 and sp hybridized carbon is more electronegative than unity. Iodoalkynes behaves as Lewis acids and form halogen bonds with Lewis bases, such as pyridine and nitriles. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for diiodobutadiyne (figure 1.3).15 In this case, diiodobutadiyne played the role of guest. The hosts with oxalamide group were also organized through hydrogen bonds and designed to align diiodobutadiyne in the right geometry for 1, 4-topochemcal polymerization. The repeat distance of diyne monomers was 5.11 . The tilt angle was 51.Halogen bonds (XBs) is a non-covalent interaction which consists of halogen atom and other neutral atom or anions. The general structure of halogen bonds is showed in Figure 1.4.16 In this structure, X is halogen atom, which accepts electron density. It can be Lewis acid and halogen bond donor. D is the one donate electron density, which behaves as Lewis base and halogen bond acceptor. Y is a carbon, nitrogen, or halogen atom.The investigation of XB has been continuing for near 200 years. In 1863, the first report on the ability of halogen atoms to form well-defined adducts with electron donor species was described by Frederick Guthrie.17 In his experiment, I2 was added to saturated ammonium salt (nitrate or carbonate) and a diiodine/ ammonia system NH3I2 formed. aft(prenominal) exposed to air, it decomposes spontaneously into ammonia and iodine, without permanent gas being evolved. afterwards that, halogen bonds became widely investigated. H. A. Benesi and J. H. Hildebrand identified the iodine-benzene complexe through UV-vis spectra in 1948.18 In 1954, Hassels group used X-ray to show the structure of bromine 1, 4-dioxanate.19 The experiment showed there was a short intermolecular interaction between the oxygen atoms of dioxane and bromine atoms. The interaction was haloge n bond. The distance of OBr bond was just 2.71 , which indicated a strong interaction between the bromine and oxygen atoms.Pierangleo Metrangolo and Guiseppe Resnati, whose research focused on halogen bonds, summarized the characteristic of halogen bonds and their interaction.16, 20 Polarizability increases when you move down the periodic table from fluorine atom to the iodine atom. This makes Cl, Br and I have the positive potential charge, which is showed in Figure 1.5. When the halogen atom is attached to an electron-withdrawing group, the positively polarized area will increase. On the one hand, the halogen atom can be the acceptor of electron density. On the other hand, the positive charge locates at spheres end, which is surrounded by electron neutral hollo and negative charge belt. Because of the special location of positive charge, the angle of covalent bond and noncovalent bond around halogen atom in DXY is near 180. This is consistent with research results. Hongjian Jin e t al.21 used diiodobutadiyne and bis(pyridyl)oxalamides to make cocrystal, which was based on halogen bonds between pyridine groups nitrogen and iodine. Polymerization of cocrystal was induced under 3.5 GPa pressure. Although the NIC angle changed after polymerization, both angles were still near 180. They were 169.7 and 161.4. Investigation of halogen bonds examples in the Cambridge Structure Database is also shown.Metrangolo and Resnati16, 20 showed that halogen bond was relative stronger than hydrogen bond. However, a halogen is larger and more polarizable than hydrogen and halogen bonds are more sensitive to steric hindrance than hydrogen bonds. Halogen atom, electron acceptor in XBs, has some general characteristics. Among the four halogen atoms, the order for forming strong halogen bonding is I Br Cl F. The more electron withdrawing atom is, the stronger is the halogen bonds. As to halocarbons, the strength order for halogen bonding is C-X (sp)C-X (sp2) C-X (sp3). If the halo carbons are unfunctionalized monohaloalkanes, no halogen bonds are observed. Diiodobutadiyne, in which the C is sp hybridized, is a good Lewis acid.22 The Goroff group used diiodobutadiyne as a guest to make poly (diiododiacetylene) (PIDA) with several hosts.Self-assembly of macrocyclesSupramolecular chemistry is a rapidly growing field, emphasizing on assembly of discrete molecules. Traditional chemistry deals with covalent interaction while supramolecular chemistry focuses more on noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding23, van der Waals forces24 and - interactions25. Self-assembly, a main process involved in supramolecular chemistry, will take advantage of these noncovalent interactions to organize discrete molecules into high order structures. Macrocycles, which have cyclic structures with other functional groups, can be self-assembled in a specific manner to form high order structures. Here I will introduce the self-assembly of macrocycles through hydrogen bonding and - interactions.- interactions, well known noncovalent intermolecular interactions, play important roles in self-assembly of macrocycles. The arrangement of aromatic rings has following geometries, such as face-to-face, edge-to-face and slipped stack. Hill and coworkers26 synthesized amphiphilic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, self-assembling via - stacking to form a discrete nano cannular object. The object has a uniform and 14-nanometer-wide hollow space. Lauher and coworkers27 also took advantage of - stacking to design a tubular macrocyclic polymer. The monomer structure and route to a tubular polymer are shown in Figure 1.7. The diacetylene-based macrocycles self-assembled into polymerizable slipped - stack and polymerized via slow annealing. The macrocycle had two different crystalline forms, which were monoclinic and triclinic form, respectively. After slow annealing at 40 , the triclinic forms appeared to undergo crystal-to-crystal polymerization.Hydrogen bond is an attraction force involves a hydrogen and strong electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine. The electronegative atoms behave as hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen is hydrogen bond donor.28 Macrocyclic peptides and ureas can form high order tubular structures via hydrogen bonds. Ghadiri and coworkers29 used cyclo-(L-Gln-D-Ala-L-Glu-D-Ala)2- to self-assemble into hollow tubes via amide hydrogen bonds. Shimizu and coworkers30 also took advantage of amide hydrogen bond to organize diacetylene macrocycles for topochemical polymerization. In addition, Shimizu and coworkers used macrocyclic bis-ureas to self-assemble into columnar structures through urea hydrogen bonds. In the structure of macrocyclic bis-ureas, two hydrogen atoms in NH group are hydrogen bond donors and the carbonyl groups are hydrogen bond acceptors. The structures of the macrocyclic ureas are shown in figure 1.8. In 2001, they used bis-urea macrocycles with m-xylene to form the self-assembly tubular structures.31 The m-xylene kept the macrocycles rigid. However, this macrocycle formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Another bis-urea macrocycle with m-phenylether avoided forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds and organized into tubular structures with ordered acetic acid dimer filling inside as guest. The columns were stabilized by hydrogen bonding as well as - staking interactions of phenylether.Except ureas, oxalamides are also used to form hydrogen bonding networks (figure 1.8). The repeat distances are 4.6 and 5.0 , respectively.33 Inspired by above work, we plan to design a macrocycle with pyridine, alkyne and oxalamide segments. Pyridine and alkyne segments tin beneficial rigidity, helping the macrocycles cocrystalize with diiodobutadiyne through halogen bonds. oxalamide segments are used for forming hydrogen bonding networks.

Knowledge in Name of the Rose Essay -- English Literature Essays

Knowledge in discover of the RoseKnowledge was one of the most regent(postnominal) tools of the middle ages. It was highly valued by many kings and members of nobility, but the greatest procurer of knowledge through the middle ages was undoubtedly the church. Their motive for the capturing of wisdom was non for their own enrichment, but predominantly self-preservation. If the general public were to get hold of such a wealth of philosophical and scientific works that were withheld in the monastical libraries then they would almost certainly begin to formulate their own religious ideas, therefore releasing the societal stranglehold the church held so tightly at that time. To survive the church had to keep the knowledge from the masses, and this is something that Umberto Eco has incorporated with finesse into his novel The Name of the Rose. Intertextuality, postmodernism, allusions and an array of interesting characters help to explain the state of education and the availability o f knowledge in the middle ages. The labyrinth is one of the most important aspects to the portrayal of knowledge in The Name of the Rose. Its design and purpose are a brilliant metaphor to the churches desire to keep knowledge from the poor and powerless. The story of the labyrinth goes right back to a Greek myth, which tells of a beast with the place of a bovine and the body of a man, who was conceived of a woman and a snow white bull. It was confined to a labyrinth from which there was no flight without assistance. The concept that Eco uses in The Name of the Rose is very similar, except instead of guarding the Minotaur, Ecos labyrinth guards books, the knowledge that could be the destruction of the churchs vice-like grip upon society. The minotaur wanted seven young maidens and seven youths per year to quench its appetite, and one year the Greek hero Theseus became sick of the sidesplitting and offered himself as a sacrifice to the bull, with the intention of killing it. He we nt in with a ball of string and a sword, the ball of string he apply to trace his path back to the start when he had killed the Minotaur. There are distinct parallels between William, and the hero Theseus. William entered the library with the intention of getting at the limit that it was protecting from society, which of course were the books, just as Theseus entered the Minotaurs labyrinth to rescue the young men and w... ...uld lead one to believe that Jorge is simply following the place of the church. This being that works which use methods to make their concepts especially easy to understand are very dangerous, and therefore they above all others should be prevented from circulation into society.Umberto Eco has made the write up of knowledge a central subject within The Name of the Rose, and the literary techniques he uses as well as his highly complex characters are highly successful in conveying the way knowledge was treated in the era of great power that the catholic chu rch held. The use of Sherlock Holmes in an intertextual sense and the consequent post-modern aspects of his amalgamation within the story are especially clever methods which serve to provide a very interesting tangent to the novel. The Name Of The Rose can be taken both on surface value as a typical crime story and from underneath as a wonderful political piece that embodies the attitudes of the time whilst still maintaining its ironic edge as a Sherlock Holmes murder thriller set in the early 1300s, 500 years before Doyles work, and written in the 1980s, some 100 years later than the Holmes mysteries were first published.

Google.com Essay -- Technology, Vulnerabilities

Three famous real-world examples of first-order XSS vulnerabilities were discovered in Google.com 36, CBS News 37 and in ATutor 38. In 2005 Google.com website had XSS vulnerabilities that allowed attackers to impersonate legitimate subscribers of Googles services. Then, in 2006 CBS News published an official announcement claiming that President Bush appointed a nine-year old boy to be the chairperson of the InfoSec Department. This was obviously a fake news. Recently, an XSS vulnerability was discovered in ATutor that allowed scripts to be injected into nearly every URL request parameter that eventually resulted in the result page to include the malicious scripts. 2.5.2 Stored XSS Stored XSS (aka Persistent or Type 2 or Second-Order) 32, 34, 35 occurs when a vulnerable Web application accepts malicious code, stores it and later on distributes it in response to a separate HTTP request. In contrast to reflected XSS, Type 2 XSS rather than getting immediately reflected to the user, th e attack payload is stored (in a database or in file system) and displayed to end-users in...